P2181: Cooling System Performance. The DME judges coolant-temperature behavior implausible for operating time and load. A thermostat stuck open, inadequate circulation, trapped air, sensor bias or fan running continuously can create different temperature traces.
P2096: Post Catalyst Fuel Trim System Too Lean, Bank 1. The DME sees the Bank 1 post-catalyst mixture correction remain lean. The downstream lambda response, exhaust leakage near the sensor and upstream mixture evidence must agree before the catalyst or sensor is blamed.
P0715: Input or Turbine Speed Sensor A Circuit. The EGS cannot trust the input or turbine speed sensor A circuit. Compare turbine speed with engine and output speed before deciding between a sensor circuit problem, connector contamination and an internal transmission fault.
P0691: Cooling Fan 1 Control Circuit Low. The DME detects a low electrical state in cooling-fan control circuit 1. A signal short to ground, missing supply, harness damage, fan electronics and DME output must be distinguished before condemning the fan.
P0496: EVAP Flow During a Non-Purge Condition. The DME detects purge flow while the EVAP purge valve should be closed. A mechanically leaking purge valve is distinct from an electrical command fault and often reveals itself through idle mixture change when the purge path is isolated.
P0410: Secondary Air Injection System Malfunction. The DME does not observe the expected lean exhaust response when secondary air is commanded during a cold start. Pump delivery, non-return valve operation, hoses and blocked cylinder-head passages require separate evidence.
P050B: Cold Start Ignition Timing Performance. The DME cannot achieve or verify the ignition-timing behavior expected during the cold-start phase. Coolant-temperature plausibility, misfire distribution, fuel quality and cam/crank correlation must be judged together.
P0001: Fuel Volume Regulator Control Circuit Open. The DME detects an open electrical path in the fuel-volume regulator control circuit. This does not by itself prove low rail pressure or a failed HPFP; connector, wiring, regulator winding and driver command must be separated.
P0620 means Generator Control Circuit Malfunction. The DME records it when the charging-system control circuit or generator response does not agree with the DME command; diagnosis must prove the named circuit or mechanism before parts are replaced.
P0563 means System Voltage High. The DME records it when the recording module sees system voltage above its rational operating range; diagnosis must prove the named circuit or mechanism before parts are replaced.
P0562 means System Voltage Low. The DME records it when system voltage at the recording module remains below the calibrated operating range; diagnosis must prove the named circuit or mechanism before parts are replaced.
P0560 means System Voltage Malfunction. The DME records it when the voltage seen by the DME is implausible or unstable relative to vehicle operating state; diagnosis must prove the named circuit or mechanism before parts are replaced.